Reference #1 (Andersin T et al.): Y336
- We showed that this blockade is not due to an intramolecular disulfide bridge , but is probably caused by an interaction between C357 and Y336
- Alternatively , the sulfhydryl group of C357 could interact with Y336 , which is homologous to the F422-H397 interaction in VDR (24 ) (see Fig. 7(image) )
- For the second hypothesis C357 was mutated into serine and tyrosine , Y336 was mutated into alanine , cysteine , and phenylalanine , and the point- mutants Y336A / C357A , Y336C / C357Y , and L352A / C357A were created
- Interestingly , in comparison to wild-type CAR , Y336A showed an increased TCPOBOP inducibility and a nearly abolished response to androstanol
- The reduction in basal activity and increase in agonist response of Y336A was not as drastic as with C357A , but showed the same tendency
- In contrast , Y336C behaved similar to wild-type CAR , but showed lower ligand responsiveness and slightly reduced basal activity
- The mutant Y336F lost inducibility by TCPOBOP , kept some responsiveness to androstanol , and did not affect the basal activity
- This indicates that both the polar hydroxyl group as well as the large volume of Y336 are important for the full ligand responsiveness of CAR , but not very critical for the basal activity of the receptor
- All three double-point mutants , Y336A / C357A , Y336C / C357Y , and L352A / C357A , showed nearly abolished response to ligand , which was expected because of the profile of the individual mutants Y336C , C357Y , and L352
- Interestingly , C357A / Y336A and L352A / C357A reduced the basal activity of CAR by 80-90% , whereas Y336C / C357Y did not influence it significantly
- Taken together , the functional profiles of all three double-point mutants suggest that C357 , Y336 , and the CoA interacting amino acid L352 are functionally linked , such as F422 , H397 , and L417 in VDR (24 , 25 , 26 )
- Model for Stabilization of Helix 12 in CAR Compared with VDR The structural relation of helices 11 and 12 in mouse CAR (left) and human VDR (right) and their link via an interaction between Y336 and C357 (CAR) or H397 and F422 (VDR) is indicated by a dashed line
- C357 appears to be very specific in its interaction with Y336 and is not involved in the formation of disulfide bridges
- A modeling of the structure of helices 11 and 12 on the basis of the VDR structure (Fig. 7(image) ) predicts that C357 interacts with Y336
- In fact , mutagenesis of Y336 alone and in combination with C357 suggests that both amino acids are functionally linked , such as F422 and H397 in VDR
- The specificity of the interaction between these two amino acids is supported by the observation that the double mutant Y336C / C357Y showed no effect on the basal activity of CAR , i.e. that these two residues stabilize helix 12 independent of their orientation
- In contrast to VDR , in CAR the stabilization of helix 12 by the C357-Y336 interaction occurs even in the absence of ligand
- A mutation of C357 or Y336 allows a free movement of helix 12 in the absence of ligand and provides CAR with a functional profile comparable to classical endocrine NRs , i.e. low basal activity and high ligand inducibility
- The C357-Y336 interaction seems to be reinforced and optimized by the agonist TCPOBOP , whereas the Y336C / C357Y double mutant of CAR has lost its responsiveness to ligand
- The principal role of C357 seems to be the stabilization of helix 12 via an interaction with Y336 , but it is possible that Y336 directly contacts the ligand in the way that H397 does in VDR
- Within the adopted orphan receptor , movement of helix 12 seems to be reduced via an interaction between C357 and Y336 , which is only optimized by contact with a ligand
- The amino acid sequences of VDR and CAR were aligned and the amino acid residues V418 , L419 , V421 , F422 , G423 , and H397 of VDR were mutated in silico to the respective amino acid residues of mouse CAR (L353 , G354 , I356 , C357 , S358 , and Y336 , respectively) by using the mutation command of Swiss PDB Viewer (v.3.7b2)
- The torsion angles of the side chain of Y336 were adjusted manually
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Reference #1 (Andersin T et al.): Y336A
- For the second hypothesis C357 was mutated into serine and tyrosine , Y336 was mutated into alanine , cysteine , and phenylalanine , and the point- mutants Y336A / C357A , Y336C / C357Y , and L352A / C357A were created
- Interestingly , in comparison to wild-type CAR , Y336A showed an increased TCPOBOP inducibility and a nearly abolished response to androstanol
- The reduction in basal activity and increase in agonist response of Y336A was not as drastic as with C357A , but showed the same tendency
- All three double-point mutants , Y336A / C357A , Y336C / C357Y , and L352A / C357A , showed nearly abolished response to ligand , which was expected because of the profile of the individual mutants Y336C , C357Y , and L352
- Interestingly , C357A / Y336A and L352A / C357A reduced the basal activity of CAR by 80-90% , whereas Y336C / C357Y did not influence it significantly
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Reference #1 (Andersin T et al.): Y336C
- For the second hypothesis C357 was mutated into serine and tyrosine , Y336 was mutated into alanine , cysteine , and phenylalanine , and the point- mutants Y336A / C357A , Y336C / C357Y , and L352A / C357A were created
- In contrast , Y336C behaved similar to wild-type CAR , but showed lower ligand responsiveness and slightly reduced basal activity
- All three double-point mutants , Y336A / C357A , Y336C / C357Y , and L352A / C357A , showed nearly abolished response to ligand , which was expected because of the profile of the individual mutants Y336C , C357Y , and L352
- Interestingly , C357A / Y336A and L352A / C357A reduced the basal activity of CAR by 80-90% , whereas Y336C / C357Y did not influence it significantly
- The specificity of the interaction between these two amino acids is supported by the observation that the double mutant Y336C / C357Y showed no effect on the basal activity of CAR , i.e. that these two residues stabilize helix 12 independent of their orientation
- The C357-Y336 interaction seems to be reinforced and optimized by the agonist TCPOBOP , whereas the Y336C / C357Y double mutant of CAR has lost its responsiveness to ligand
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